Teen Pregnancy Essay - 2181 Words

Pregnancies are a wonderful thing. Just imagine being able to create another human being and bringing it into the world. Although this may be what the majority of mothers think, teen moms may have a different perspective. They might have been forced into pregnancy and the child may be a reoccurring thought of what happened to her. Chances are the teen will love her baby in the long run, but in the beginning the teen most likely had different views. Teen pregnancy is a worldwide problem that needs to be educated properly. The reason why most teen pregnancies occur because teens aren’t educated enough. Granted they might become curious or they don’t care, but they at least need to be properly educated on the matter and know exactly what they†¦show more content†¦Generally when a teen has a baby, society tends to make her seem like a monster, and that whatever happened to cause this. She gets shunned and pushed into a dark place where she may not be capable to pro vide the best care for herself or her baby. The duo may be ignored by their family and friends, causing them to feel very isolated and alone, which could potentially lead to things such as insanity, other mental health issues, or the worst case possible, death. Unfortunately, if the teen gets to the point where she feels like there’s no other option, she will most likely turn to drugs and alcohol, making her situation even worse for herself and those around her. If drugs or alcohol were involved before the teen knew she became pregnant, medical complications to her or the baby are very likely. The teen has to stop drinking, or doing any type of drugs immediately if she wants to keep her and her baby safe. If the mother gets hurt in anyway while she is pregnant, she can potentially hurt and/or kill her baby. Birth deformities are common in mothers who choose to not have a healthy lifestyle. Teen moms are more likely to have their babies born early, have miscarriages, and underweight babies. This will lead to the need of more medical attention, which leads to more money. If the teen mother does not have any help from parents, family, or friends, she will most likely not be able to pay for it and could cause harmful things to occur to h erShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Pregnancy Nearly thirteen percent of all births in the United States were teenage girls from the ages fifteen to nineteen. Almost one million teenagers become pregnant each year and about 485,00 give birth. In many situations the answer to keeping a relationship going is to have a good sex life. Most teen relationships are based on sex. This is one of the main reasons why teenage birth rates are so high. I am a good person to make a case for this topic because I have witnessed from a familyRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy1041 Words   |  5 PagesIt has been said that teens across the world have not been receiving enough sex education. This has led to many issues with teens becoming pregnant, which most of the time is unanticipated. Teenage pregnancy has been a social problem throughout the world for a number of decades now. Many studies have been completed in several countries that pertain to the amount of teens and the types of teens who are becoming pregnant. Rates among teens had bee n declining for some time, but are starting to takeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is teen pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. There are many reasons why teens end up pregnant at such a young age. These reasons consist of family related problems, the lack of being taught about safe sex in school and by parents at homeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is going to help reduce the alarmingly high rate of teen pregnancies has not ceased. Many argue over whether abstinence-only should be taught in high school and if it is the key to reducing the high teen pregnancy rate. From my standpoint, I believe that it should be taught. However, it should be accompanied by the teachings of birth control along with other contraceptives and how to use them. The fact of the matter is that teen pregnancies continue to be a prevalent problem and teaching abstinenceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy Over the past two decades, the rates of teen pregnancy have grown dramatically. According to the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy, approximately every thirty-one seconds ateenager becomes pregnant in the United States. This is unbelievable, however that is the truth that no one can deny. Many people think that teen pregnancy dont effect them unless they get pregnant or one of the family members in teenage get pregnant. However teen pregnancy really affects our communities and countryRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay643 Words   |  3 Pagesdifficulties that come with an unplanned pregnancy in teens can have a profound effect on their life. Their physical, social, mental, and emotional health will all be affected by a sudden change in the course of their life. Teens impacted with an unplanned pregnancy will have to give up many things in order to be a parent. In addition, they will have to take on many more responsibilities that accompany pregnancy and parenthood. All in all, having an unplanned pregnancy and becoming a parent introduceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Hamilton, B.E.). That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. According to, â€Å"11 facts about teen pregnancy† less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30 (Par. 2 5). There are many reasons for this and the best way to help limit teen pregnancy would be to require parents to attend teen pregnancy prevention meetings held by schools. One of the many problems is that most teens are not well informed about the troubles of being a teen parent. They don’t understand how it willRead MoreEssay On Teen Pregnancy1590 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy Task 1 Teenage pregnancy has been around for thousands of years, and in the past was in fact an ideal among societies of past times, such as the Ancient Greeks, the Medieval Era, and even as late as the 20th century. Teenage women were thought to be at the prime age for baring children, and often as soon as they were married, fell pregnant. However, in this era, women have more opportunities to go further and reach higher in life, they have the chance to be successful, and to rivalRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesPrevent Teen Pregnancy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After reading Martha Balash’s article, Schools Can Help to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Balash has put time and effort into this proposal on stopping Teen Pregnancy. I think Balash’s introduction is very effective because she goes straight to the facts. She doesn’t try to mislead you with any false facts. She goes straight to the point and the point is to prevent teen pregnancy. Balash tells that schools has more influence over teen pregnancy than whatRead MoreEssay Teen Pregnancy1403 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a lot of teen mothers growing up in this world wondering, what if I would have stayed in school? W hat could I have become? Would it have made my life easier if I had thought first? There is many causes for teen pregnancy. They lead to the need for the desire of love by another person. One might have a poor home life and would want something like their peers have. A teen may have a low self-esteem and simply be looking for acceptance. However, many teens that have a wonderful

Hsün Tzu and Jean-Paul Sartre Comparison of two Philosophers

Fraud, murder, courage, and strong will are all words that can be linked to humanity. These words will often raise questions like, who did it, how they did it, or why. Can it be that the true answer to these questions lies in getting a better understanding of our human nature? Does man act according to his divine plan, or is he taught how to act? In analyzing the works of Hsà ¼n Tzu and Jean-Paul Sartre, I will determine which of these two philosophers offers the strongest foundation for living an ethical life in the modern era. HSÃÅ"N TZU Hsà ¼n Tzu is one of the main founders of eastern philosophy and is considered one of the three great sages in China along with Mencius and Confucious. Tzu’s style of writing is poetic and easy to†¦show more content†¦Tzu argues that the sages created laws to correct man’s evil nature like those previously mentioned, and therefore the sages are valued and needed. According to Tzu man does not suffer any kind of anguish or pain from doing evil acts, in doing them they just fulfill their needs and feel pleasure. On the other hand, Sartre believes that man, â€Å"always chooses the good, and nothing can be good for us without being good for all† (145) otherwise, man suffers â€Å"anguish from direct responsibility to the other men to whom it involves† (146) choosing the opposite is like choosing evil. Therefore, man teaches himself to do good because his choices are equal to those choices acceptable for all mankind. I agree with Tzu, that people who have not learned the value of caring for others first without receiving any prize in return for their good actions could not feel any remorse in being selfish since that is all that they know. Like Neanderthals, it takes many years to evolve and many more years for learning to happen so that man may be able to act civilized. However, once one has learned to do good it depends on every man to continue to practice the teachings he has acquired and also to keep learning more than necessary to grow. Comparisons that they make using the word Artisan are also employed differently. Tzu uses the example of the potter and his clay, which the artisan turns to a vessel. Tzu states that, â€Å"the vessel then, is the

Commentary and case on the law of business - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Commentary and case on the law of business. Answer: Who is a director The person who has the responsibility of managing the business affairs of the company is known as a director. The term director is defined by Section 9 of the Corporation Act 2001 (cth). According to Section 9 a person can also be a director of a company if he or she has not been elected in a valid way as a director. Any person who performs a duty which is reasonably expected to be performed by director in relation to the governance structure and operation of the organisation is also deemed to be a director of the company. The Australian Corporation law through the CA sets out duties of directors which are owed to the organisation. In addition to the statutory duties of directors under this legislation the directors of an organisation are also bound by equitable duties of directors under common law (Tricker, 2015). Duty of Care and Diligence There are several provisions which deal with directors duties as set out by the CA. Section 180 of the legislation imposes and obligation on the directors and other officers of a company registered in Australia to discharge their duties by observing utmost care, skill and diligence. The business judgment rule as provided by common law is also contained in this provision. The Section clearly sets out a test through which it is analyzed whether the directors have been able to successfully comply with the duties imposed on them or not. That test functions in the same way as the objective test under common law. Through the application of this test the court analyses weather the act or decision taken by the directors of the organisation would have been taken by a reasonable director placed under same situation. Where the court come to the conclusion that any reasonable director would have taken the same decision as it has been taken by the original directors it is deemed by the court that the directors have complied with the duty under Section 180. On the other hand if a reasonable director would not have taken such decision the directors of the company are found to be in violation of the principles provided under Section 180. In the case of ASIC v Cassimatis (No 8) [2016] FCA 1023 the defendants were the sole directors and shareholders of the company. They had design the financial advice model which involved giving advice to those who are nearing retirement or having financial difficulties. Due to the advice provided by the company these people had loaned their houses and had suffered severe losses. It was found by the court in this case that the directors of the company under Section 180 of that our duty to the company only and not to its shareholders. However the duty is of such a nature which also involve the reputation of the company and not only financial losses. As a wrongful advice model led to the fall in reputation of the company in the eyes of the public the directors was found to violate Section 180 of the act. Duty to act in Best Interest Under Section 181 of the legislation the directors have been improved with the responsibility of discharging their functions towards the company in good faith, for a proper purpose and for the best interest of the company. The duties provided under Section 181 is the same which has been provided by the equitable duty relating to achieving the best interest of the organisation by the director. Duty to avoid conflict of interest Section 182 on the other hand reciprocates the duty to avoid conflict of interest by directors of the company. Under this Section the directors a forbidden from misusing the position which has been provided to them within the company in a way so as to cause loss to the company in order to pursue personal gain. Under his duty whenever a situation arises in which the directors have to choose from their own interest and the overall interest of the company they have the duty to always give priority to the interest of the organisation. The directors have a fiduciary duty towards the organisation they work. This means that they have a duty to protect the interest of all shareholders and as they have been provided with the power to manage the company and to conduct it's affairs they cannot use such powers in such a way as to cause determine to the shareholders in order to make personal interest. In the same where Section 182 Section 183 of the legislation for with the directors of the company from misusing any information which they have collected from the organization in such a way as to call detriment to the organization overall or its shareholders so as to Trigger personal gain or game for any third party who they are directly or indirectly related. Criminal Liability All the above mentioned duties have a civil liability provision however under Section 184 of the legislation the directors of a company can be held criminally liable under Section 6.1 of the criminal court if they are found to intentionally and recklessly violet the duties provided under Section 180- 183. Duty to disclose Under Section 191 of that the directors have a duty to ensure that get this close all information with reasonable director would have disclosed in relation to personal interest in a particular transaction of the company to the board. Insolvent Trading In order to prevent the directors from the defrauding the creditors and investors of an organization the legislation through Section 588G prohibits the directors of the company to undertake insolvent trading. Insolvent trading refers to the act when the directors know or have reasons to believe that the company is already bankrupt or is likely to become bankrupt because of a particular transaction. Apart from these duties the directors have a duty to make timely and accurate disclosures in relation to the companies account and do not violate the rights of the shareholders. The shareholders have also been provided the right to claim any operative remedy under Section 233 of the legislation. Evolution of Directors duties in Australia The statutory directors duties in Australia have evolved from the directors duty of care towards the company. The directors are provided all the powers to run the operations of the company where they are not the owners. The company is actually owned by shareholders however as there are many shareholder in a company it is not possible for all of them to have a say in the management of the company (Allen Kraakman, 2016). Thus the directors are appointed by the shareholders for the purpose of successfully managing the company. In such a situation of fiduciary Duty arises in relation to the directors to manage the company in order to protect and place of the creditors and the shareholders as a company cannot function on its own. The directors duties have been provided with various defenses such as the business judgment rule and defense under Section 588H of the act in order to ensure that the directors are properly able to manage the affairs of the company without imposing additional bu rden on them with respect to the duties (Knepper et al., 2016). Directors of Public and Private Company The duties which are owned by the directors of a public company are much more as compared to those which are owed by the directors of a private company. This is because a public company is allowed to raise fund through the public and there is a much greater risk that the directors of a public company can be brought the creditors and investors of the company. The number of shareholders in a public company is much more as compared to that of a private company. The directors of a private company do not have strict financial reporting obligations as compared to those of a public company. The directors of a public company are subjected to a two strike rule in relation to their remuneration. If the shareholders find the remuneration structure of the directors to be unreasonable they can make first strike where the directors have to propose a new structure. However if the new structure is not accepted by the shareholders then they can call a second strike through which the whole board of th e organization would be subjected to re-election (Coffee, Sale and Henderson, 2015). Consequences and remedies for breach of directors duties When the directors of the organisation violet the duty which has been imposed to them a civil or criminal penalty provision can be triggered. Under Section 1317E of the legislation the directors prosecuted for civil penalty provisions. The Civil penalty provisions for directors may include fines and penalties along with suspension from managing the affairs of a company up to 5 years under Section 206C of the legislation. In relation to the breach of the duty to act in good faith the directors can be imposed with an imprisonment of five years and a penalty of up to 2000 unit is which accounts to A$360000. Other penalties which may be imposed on the directors of the company includes personal fines up to A$200000, disqualification to act as directors, derivate action by shareholders, legal claim for damages and compensation orders. Under the criminal code in relation to bribery a director can be imposed with a fine of A$1.8 Million and imprisonment which may extend to ten years. In case of fraud the directors may be subjected to prosecution by the Australian Investment and Securities Commission, civil penalties which may extend to $200000 and imprisonment of up to five years. The liabilities of the directors can be provided relief by the court under the provisions of Section 1317s of the CA. In Australian Securities and Investments Commission [ASIC] v Lindberg [2012] VSC 332 both the defendant and the plaintiff agreed that director had violated Section 180 of the Corporation Act by not deploying due care and diligence towards the affair of the organisation. The ASIC imposed a penalty on the directors according to which he was to be suspended for managing the affairs of the company for 2 years and pay a financial penalty of $100,000. However the court provided that for the establishment of such penalties it has to be proved before the court that the directors have violated Section 180 of the legislation. During the trial it was established before the food that the director have actually violated Section 180 of the legislation and therefore the fines and suspension which was imposed by the ASIC was granted by the court. Future of directors duties in Australia With the enactment of the Australian investment and security Commission corporate frauds are being rapidly identified and directors who have any sort of fraudulent intentions are always kept under pressure that they are being watched. There have been several cases in relation to the duties of directors in relation to the organisation and most of which have been ruled by the court in favour of the ASIC such as ASIC v Maxwell Ors [2006] NSWSC 1052, Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey [2011] FCA 717 and Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1. The Australian approach towards the duties of directors is one of the best in the world and it's almost same as the approach which is taken by the United Kingdom. In order to ensure that functions of the company are governed properly in the future the implementation of such system has to be kept under continuous root any by the government. Although the governing body is doing a very good job in relation to identifying corporate frauds it must not let down its Momentum in relation to its duties so that it can be insured that the directors duties would be properly complied with in future (Bruce, 2013). References Allen, W. T., Kraakman, R. (2016). Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. ASIC such as ASIC v Maxwell Ors [2006] NSWSC 1052 ASIC v Cassimatis (No 8) [2016] FCA 1023 Australian Securities and Investments Commission [ASIC] v Lindberg [2012] VSC 332 Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey [2011] FCA 717 Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1. Bruce, M. (2013). Rights and duties of directors. Bloomsbury Publishing. Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Knepper, W. E., Bailey, D. A., Bowman, K. B., Eblin, R. L., Lane, R. S. (2016). Duty of Loyalty (Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

Why Ban Smoking in US Military Essay Example

Why Ban Smoking in US Military Essay In a commissioned study by the Pentagon and the Department of Veterans Affair (VA), a ban on smoking in US military was proposed which was said would change more likely the entire culture of the military (Fox News). If approved, it would end the profitable sales of tobacco around US military bases and make smoking illegal among uniformed soldiers, even in combats. New recruits to the service would need to be tobacco-free and treatment programs would be expanded once the proposal is enacted. The study proposed a five- to 10- even 20- year period gradual phase out of the ban.The proponents of the ban argue that it is for the best. Smoking weakens the soldiers because can cause cancer and other cardiovascular diseases. This translates to poor performance during battles. The rationale behind the proposal is basically to protect people, both the smokers and the people who suffer the effects of second-hand smoking. How can the country rely on servicemen who are threatened of numerous disea ses such as cancer, emphysema and other heart problems? On the other hand, those who are opposing the ban claim that tobacco is a necessity to over come the lack of sleep and food during war. When soldiers smoke, they can forget other bodily needs which are impossible to get in the field anyway. However, this escapism does not solve the problem. For example, studies would show that soldiers who suffer from depression or post- traumatic stress disorder are more likely to smoke. Instead of seeking professional health from doctors, these soldiers seek diversion is smoking which does not solve the problem but create a new one.According to the study, the tobacco ban would relieve Pentagon of $846 million a year in medical care and lost productivity. For VA, the ban means doing away with the $6 billion in treatments for illness cause by smoking. Service members were found out to be heavy smokers ? soldiers are around 37 percent and marines 36 percent. Compared to the ratio of adult Americ an smokers to non-smokers of 1:5, one in three men in service is smoking. Fifty percent of soldiers who experienced combat were more likely to use tobacco than those who did not.In the US, the history of smoking ban started in 1975 in the state of Minnesota when the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act was passed (Hung, et. al., 2005). At first, only restaurants have sections where smoking was prohibited. Eventually, through the Freedom to Breathe Act of 2007, all restaurants and bars statewide were banned. This was followed in 1990 by San Luis Obispo, California, the first city in the world to ban smoking from all public places. Inspired by California’s commitment, New York started implementing band in 2008.Critics of the smoking bans maintain that it is an encroachment of personal rights. Everyone is thinking about the right of everybody except the right of the smokers. This argument is based on John Stuart Mill’s â€Å"harm principle,† stating that the damage of se condhand smoking does not warrant government intervention. Other economists argue that smoke ban is not necessarily the best solution. Smokers can always compensate nonsmokers without government intrusion. Legal issues have arisen because of such ban, mostly from affected businesses that loss profits without pay off (McGowan, 1995). However, in 2006, a review was conducted in US and established that smoking bans were unlikely to have bad effects in business establishments. In fact, many bars and restaurants have experienced a boost in business after they became smoke free.The tobacco ban is just logical in places such as the military bases and their other facilities with explosive hazards. This would promote safety, reduce liability and lower energy use when ventilation needs go down. Cleanliness of the air and the surroundings due to reduced quantity of litter should give the servicemen the incentive to quit smoking. These people’s primary occupation is to assure the citizen s’ safety from threat and they should play an important role in promoting public health. They are idolized by many and should set an example of making a move towards a healthy lifestyle and not adhering to a culture where smoking becomes an everyday part of existence.Soldiers who smoke are more likely to drop out before they finish their enlisted commitments because of poor health. While in service, they suffer from poor eye sight, fail fitness test, as well as being absent from work frequently. Soldiers who are into smoking are said to bleed harder after surgery, to recover slowly and to be easily infected. If they survive the combats, they still have to face the consequences of being nicotine addicts when they get back home.Secondhand smoke imposes the same problem as much as direct smoking does (Chapman, 2007). So imagine a single soldier who smokes and pollutes the entire barrack. Studies show that a nonsmoker who lives with a smoker has a 20 to 30 percent greater risk of lung cancer than nonsmoker who lives with another nonsmoker. In a workplace, a nonsmoker exposed from secondhand smoke is 16 to 19 percent more likely to have lung cancer. This is the case because nonsmokers are exposed to the same amount of carcinogen as confirmed by International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization, US National Cancer Institute, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. National Institutes of Health and Surgeon General of the United States.Smokers do not only harm their self but also the environment. There is no dispute that smoking pollutes the air. There are around 4,000 hazardous substance in cigarettes which human beings inhale and exhale in the atmosphere (Phalen, 2002). An entire squad of soldiers doing exactly the same thing indicates an enourmous quantity of pollution. Smoking also causes water and land pollution due to million of cigarette butts left on the ground and end up in lakes and rivers. Water animals mistak en these cigarette butts for food are being poisoned and killed. Cigarette butts seem so insignificant but it can do a lot of damage during the 25 years of its decomposition. While decomposing, its hazardous elements leak to the soil, harming the plants. They are also highly flamable which can cause major fires.To sum up, arguments supporting the smoking ban in US military outweigh the criticism. When the ban is officially enacted, it will improve the health of the servicemen, cut the cost for health services and ultimately, save lives.Works CitedChapman, Simon. Public Health Advocacy and Tobacco Control: Making Smoking History. MA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc, 2007.â€Å"Smoking Ban May Strike Military.† 11 July 2009.   Fox News. 16 July 2009   http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/07/11/smoking-ban-strike-military/Hung, Yung-Tse, Norman Pereira and Lawrence Wang. Advance Air and Noise Pollution Control. NJ: Humana Press, Inc., 2005.McGowan, Richard. Business, Politics and Cigarettes: Multiple Levels, Multiple Agendas. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995.Phalen, Robert. The Particulate Air Pollution Controversy: A Case Study and Lessons Learned. Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

The age discrimination in employment act free essay sample

Part 1625 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Chapter XIV is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) specifies that it is unlawful for a covered employer to   discriminate in hiring or in any other way by giving preference because of age between individuals 40 and over. Essentially this act forbids firing, refusing to hire or to promote, or treating an individual differently because of age (Code). Some odd conclusions can be drawn from this peculiarly constructed sentence. The ADEA does not merely forbid giving a preference to an individual under the age of forty over another individual who is forty or over, it prohibits the use of age as a criterion for decision making at all; this includes decisions about two employees or prospective employees aged forty or more. We will write a custom essay sample on The age discrimination in employment act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike earlier quota type systems that might be satisfied by having a named number or percentage of minority race members, the ADEA forbids choosing between two people both of whom are age forty or more. The ADEA applies to employers with twenty or more employees including federal, state, and local governments, unions, and employment agencies. The law does not protect all jobs. It does not normally apply to police forces and firepersons. The law does not protect elected officials, federal law enforcement officers, and air traffic controllers. Since it deals only with employees, the ADEA does not protect independent contractors. In certain cases jobs that demand by their nature a person of a particular age are not protected either: for example, a movie acting role that requires someone who can convincingly portray an eight-year-old (AARP). The ADEA forbids employers use of advertisements that mention age or that suggest that a particular age is preferable. Employers may not set up age requirements for trainees for job positions to avoid paying for training of someone who may retire within a short period of time. The protects employees or prospective employees who file a complaint asserting age discrimination; employers cannot take action against such people. Under most employment environments employers cannot force a covered employee to retire (AARP), however executives sixty-five years or older who will receive retirements benefits from the company of at least forty thousand dollars a year (Workplace Age). Interestingly, the ADEA lacks a specific prohibition against an employer asking potential employees what their age is, however such questions are subject to scrutiny to make certain the questions were asked for legal purposes instead of for reasons forbidden by the ADEA.

Postwar Petroleum Order

Postwar Petroleum Order Post-1945, there emerged an international oil establishment named the postwar petroleum order. Before 1939, the output of petroleum in the Middle Eastern countries was not high and the region contributed only a marginal share to the world petroleum production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Postwar Petroleum Order specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before the postwar years, British Petroleum (BP) was the dominant player in the petroleum market however, after the war, five American companies broke BP’s monopoly. This postwar order was characterized by a corporate consolidation of the major oil companies in the Middle East. The primary aim of the order was to maximize the production of petroleum in the Persian Gulf and supply the increased postwar energy requirement of the Europe (Citino 137). By 1948, United States had become one of the major importers of petroleum from the Middle Eastern countries. The era of C old War diplomacy saw a rise in the energy requirement of the country, which made the rich oil resources of the Gulf indispensable to the endeavor (Painter Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 489). The oil from the gulf was important as this provided a cheap source to help reconstructing the damage World War II had done on Europe. Further, defending the tattered Europe after the war was essential to guarantee development in the US. The postwar petroleum order consisted of a tangible infrastructure resource to deliver oil to the European countries. The only infrastructure that supported the petroleum order then was the Suez Canal, and two other pipelines in the Middle East (Citino 137). The political volatility of the Middle East in the postwar years only created greater problems for the petroleum order. Further, the creation of Israel in 1948 only added to the problems of the order as the Arab League members were skeptical of the Jewish nation and created a state embargo on supplying p etroleum to the Western countries.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the postwar petroleum order, marred by volatility in oil supply due to regional conflict and political condition of the Gulf, was annihilated. Thus, post 1970s the United States under the administration of President Bush started diversifying the oil sources. This ended the postwar petroleum order to bring forth a new order. This paper probes into the postwar petroleum order. Initially the paper will concentrate on delineating the reasons behind rise of the post petroleum order and the reasons that contributed to their downfall. The paper will then discuss what the new petroleum order was and the reasons why this order came into being. Then drawing from the reasons of rise and demise of postwar petroleum order, the paper will try to intuitively understand the probable fate of the new order. Ris e and Fall of the Postwar Petroleum Order One of the key outcomes of the World War II was postwar control over natural resources (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 486). The prewar and postwar petroleum order saw a marked coalition between the United States and Great Britain to control the production and supply of oil in the market in order maintain stability in the oil market. In 1944, the two countries were signatories of the Petroleum Agreement, which formally established the joint control over the oil resources of the Gulf. Thus, the emergence of an Anglo-American collaboration created a postwar oil order (Citino 139). As early as 1933, Standard Oil of California had signed agreement with the King of Saudi Arabia, as the US oil companies were skeptical of the influence of the United Kingdom over the Saudi oil reserves due to the financial constraints of the Arab king. In 1943, the US government survey pointed out that the Middle East had become the â€Å"center of gravi ty† and the â€Å"world oil production† was â€Å"shifting from the Gulf-Caribbean region to the Middle East† (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 493).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Postwar Petroleum Order specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before World War II, the US government provided diplomatic support to the private US companies like Standard Oil Company of California and Texas Company, to receive concession in foreign countries. However, with the end of the war, the US government entered into an agreement with Britain to collaborate and not compete in pursuing the oil resources in Middle East. However, this Anglo-American oil agreement was opposed by private US companies, who feared would reduce oil prices, due to cheap imports from Gulf due to government intervention (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 493). These issues were believed to be strong by a few members of the Cong ress, which resulted in a return to the Open Door diplomacy where private companies would operate in security, and profitably as government, initiative was limited to indirect involvement with oil matters in the Gulf. However, the US government had to take an active interest in the volatile political situation in the Middle East due to rise in Islamic nations. During the World War II, Iran was occupied by the erstwhile USSR and the UK. Strategic analysts believed Iran to be vital for both the US and the USSR due to the critical geopolitical location of the country and its abundant oil resources. Right after the war, in the early forties, Iran too wanted to attract US oil companies in order ease the influence of the USSR and Britain. US on the other hand, wanted to remove foreign influence and military occupancy in Iran, sought to influence the Iranian government to recover the natural resources. The Truman Doctrine helped the US established its control over the northern region of Ir an, Turkey, and Greece, therefore, establishing control over the eastern parts of the Mediterranean and Middle East (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 495). This helped the country to retain control over the oil resources in the Middle East and prevented the entry of the USSR in the region. The reason for this political move of the US was vested with two intent – first was to ease off the balance of payment problems of the country through increasing business of oil through US companies in the US, and second, keeping the Soviet out of Middle East thus, establishing control, in order to establish a military base, which can launch an attack on Soviet Russia in the event of a war (Citino 140).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was the time when there occurred all the â€Å"great oil deals† in order to secure the expansion of the oil supply in Middle and Near East. The result of this was the formation of the private system of an international production management that helped in oil production in Middle East and its incorporation with the global market. The US government strategically gained control over half of the oil share in Middle East by coordinating with the large private oil companies and the oil rich Arab nations. The postwar petroleum order was a profitable venture for the US oil companies and a political and strategic success for the US until the formation of Palestine in 1947. President Truman supported the UN plan to partition Palestine into two parts and recognize the state of Israel was the first step to offend the Arab partners. This created an opening for the USSR to enter the Middle Eastern oil industry in 1950 and 1960s. This helped in the expansion of the automobile industry in Western Europe and Japan in between 1950 and 1970 (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 498). The main issue with the arrangement of the west with the Middle East arose with the rise of the question of limiting western military capability in the Middle East and the declining power of Britain. The main issue that the US faced strategically was not military threat from the USSR, rather the growth of anti-Western feeling and Islamic nationalism in the Middle East. This instilled a fear among the US policymakers that this rise of Arab nationalism could facilitate the expansion of the Soviet in the region. Both Britain and the US wanted retain control over the Middle Eastern oil resources for strategic reasons, but disagreed on the nature of diplomacy to be used to counter the rise of nationalism in the region (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 499). The US was in favor of meeting the demand of the nationalists of higher share in profits from the oil industry as long as they did not post a threat to the US strategic control and the operations of the private corporate in the Middle East. On the other hand, Britain’s balance of payment was more dependent on the oil revenues from the Gulf and therefore, was reluctant to give into the demand of the nationalists. The Anglo-Iranian oil venture was critical for Britain as this was its most important overseas investment and the country’s balance of payment was largely dependent on it (Painter, â€Å"Oil, Resources, and the Cold War† 499). United States too shared similar apprehensions regarding the rising Arab nationalism but it was more concerned with the effect the forceful reverse-nationalization in Gulf by Britain would have on the emerging turmoil in Iran (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 499). The US believed any adverse move by the British would undermine the position of the Iranian shah enhancing the position of the pro-Soviet Tudeh party, and may result in an interven tion from within the region. The nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian nationalist leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser, created problems for the passage of oil from the Gulf to the West, as the canal was the chief passage for the western companies. To worsen the situation, Britain along with France and Israel developed a plan to gain control over the canal and avenge Nasser’s action through military retaliation. Due to this, Syria and Saudi Arabia stopped their supply of oil to these countries. Britain and France believed that the US would help them by supplying oil during the war torn years. However, President Eisenhower refused to provide petroleum to Britain and France and threatened to cut away all aid to Israel if they did not refrain from the attack. This strong pressure from the US government helped to stop the impending war, and major oil companies supplied Europe with oil as long as the canal did not open. The Suez crisis was a burning example to the western world the rising Arab nationalism posed to the western world. Thus, it altogether was a threat to US plans to rebuild Western Europe with the oil from the Gulf. Nasser pushed the cause of Arab nationalism to gain control of their oil resources and use to further political agenda of the Middle East. The main aim was to reduce western dominance in their oil resources, economic development of the Arab nations who were not rich in natural resources, and annihilation of Israel (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 501). The fear was surmounted due the mutual distrust between the USSR and the US. The latter constantly feared that turmoil in the Middle East would open the doors for the Soviet and their allies to take control over the oil rich region, adding to their military and economic position. The US was always skeptical of the Soviet influence in the region, and therefore, Eisenhower helped the rise of the conservative Islamists in the region to drive away communism and nationalism fr om the region (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 500). The key rout through which oil was marketed to the Western Europe was through Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 501). For formation of the United Arab Republic through the joining of Syria and Egypt in 1958 only created additional problem to the oil route. Further, a coup on the pro-west monarchy of Iraq through a nationalist revolution in July 1958 created additional problems. US assumed Nasser’s interference in the coup but refrained from any military retaliation, as it would have destabilized the situation further. However, the leaders of the nationalist party who helped the coup, agreed to respect the agreement with US and Britain regarding oil supply from the country (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 502). Both the western countries sent army to Lebanon and Jordan, to reestablish control over the region (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 502). Howeve r, the possibility of communist control of Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries posed a special problem, especially during the Cold War era. Iraq posed a threat to the Arab nationalism and garnered support from Britain who viewed Nasser of Egypt as a greater threat. However, the US believed that communist inclination of the Iraqis could pose a greater threat to the volatile condition of the Middle East and by extension to the oil issue of the west. With the disassociation of General Abd aI-Karim Qasim from the Baghdad Pact and his increasing association with the Iraqi Communist Party created further drift between Nasser and Qasim (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 502). In 1961, after Kuwait gained sovereignty, Qasim declared that Kuwait was a part of Iraq. Kuwait being the fourth largest oil producing country was the largest supplier to Britain (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 503). If Kuwait was to become a part of Iraq, it would be an unprofitable situation f or Britain and US, and so they sent troops to Kuwait to safeguard the country from Iraqi attack (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 503). The Arab League quickly followed suit with troops from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and United Arab Emirates, thus helping in successful evacuation of troops from Kuwait, yet maintain control over their stakes in Kuwait’s oil resoruces (Painter, Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 503). The US along with Britain aimed to annihilate the rising power of Qasim and the communist party in Iraq, and therefore brought forth the Bath Party in 1963. With the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Producing Countries (OPEC) consisting of the major oil producing and exporting countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela in Baghdad in 1960 (Painter Oil, Resources, and the Cold War 504). OPEC gained power over the prices of oil in the international market, reducing the dominance of the western oil companies to control the internationa l oil prices; it was greatly detrimental to the goals of Arab nationalism. Further, the breaking up of the United Arab Republic and the building of super tanks that could bypass the Suez Canal created further impediment on the nationalist agenda. Thus, it was in the 1960s that the fears of any further soviet take over of the Middle Eastern oil, almost subsided. The New Oil Order The postwar petroleum order thus, emerged through a continuous process of political diplomacy in the Middle East which primarily aimed at gaining control over the oil resources by the US and Britain. The US employed soft diplomacy to control the oil resources of the Middle East and their desire to keep communism away from the region led to various event, which eventually led to the demise of the order. The aim of the US and Britain was simply to establish themselves as the leaders in oil production in the world during the postwar era (Painter, â€Å"Oil and the American Century† 24-26). Some critics o f American policy believe that the soft political approach of America to intervene in the Middle Eastern issues and the creation of the postwar oil order was simply a vehicle to establish American hegemony in the world (Kubursi and Mansur 8). Britain was completely out of the political scenario by 1979, when after the gradual fall of the appeal of the Arab nationalists, there arose a wave of Islamist allegiance in the Middle East. The Suez crisis in 1957 clearly demonstrated that the US would not deter from using force on Middle East if there was a need for it, as was pointed out by President Eisenhower in 1957: â€Å"I think you have, in the analysis presented in the letter, proved that should a crisis arise threatening to cut the Western world off from the Mid East oil, we would have to use force.† (Kubursi and Mansur 8). This point of view came into effect almost two decades later in the conflict between the USSR and US on Afghan soil, after the fall of the shah of Iran to the rising Islamic forces. Many believe that hegemonic control over the Middle Eastern oil remains the source of global power for the US (Kubursi and Mansur 9). Thus, the picture became clearer in 1973 when OPEC quadrupled the prices of oil in the wake of Israel-Arab conflict (Kubursi and Mansur 9). Critics of American hegemony in Middle East have pointed out that the Gulf War orchestrated against Iraq in the nineties was aimed at establishing democracy in an authoritarian rule of Saddam Hussein and the western intervention aimed to safeguard Kuwait from the autocratic, illegal, invasion but the a means to control over the Kuwaiti oil resources (Frank 268). Had the intentions of the western allies and champions of democracy been pure they would have waged similar war against South Africa for continued apartheid policy, or Iraq’s invasion of Iran, or the USSR’s invasion in Afghanistan (Frank 268). Thus, evidently the reason was oil and managing some other domestic econ omic problems (Frank 271). Iraq was also trying to handle the economic pressure that oil industry had posed on its economy due to the recession (Billion 691). The oil politics shaped the foreign policy of the US in the postwar era. The petroleum order then created was through soft politics, which established the private, oil companies from the US to have control over petroleum from the world’s oil rich regions. However, with the Gulf War, political and military volatility, and increasing dependence of the US on the oil resources of the Middle East created major economic problems for US. Further, the rise of OPEC as a monopolistic controller of the oil supplies globally also posed a major problem to the hegemonic control of the US over the oil resources. This led to the establishment of the new oil order by the Bush administration to maintain their supremacy and continue the flow of oil to the western hemisphere. The aim of the US was to look for new oil rich regions that woul d become sources of cheap oil. However, the lessons from the past history of the control over oil has led to believe that even if initial control can be established over the poor, but oil rich regions, eventually they emerge as a force in the world politics undermining the hegemony of the west. Billion, Phhillipe Le. Corruption, Reconstruction and Oil Governance in Iraq. Third World Quarterly 26.4-5 (2005): 685 – 703. Print. Citino, Nathan J. Defending the ‘postwar petroleum order’: The US, Britain and the 1954 Saudi†Onassis Tanker deal. Diplomacy and Statecraft 11.2 (2000): 137-160. Print. Frank, Andre Gunder. Third World War: A political economy of the Gulf War and the new world order. Third World Quarterly 13.2 (1992): 267-282. Print. Kubursi, Atif A. and Salim Mansur. Oil and the Gulf War: An American Century or A New World Order. Arab Studies Quarterly 15.4 (1993): 1-17. Print. Painter, David S. Oil, Resources, and the Cold War. T (2010):. Leffler, Me lvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad. The Cambridge History of the Cold War 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 486-506. Print. - . Oil and the American Century. The Journal of American History 99.1 (2012): 24-39. Print.

Dinosaur ridge Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dinosaur ridge - Assignment Example September 2014 there was a trip to Dinosaur ridge in Denver, which was mainly for hands-on activities that included fossil sifting, gold panning, metal detecting, and dinosaur track painting. At the site there were visitor experts and FODR geologists who took their time in explaining about faulting, volcanic eruptions, volcanic ash, and earthquakes. There were also a lot of other participants like the Denver Fire-fighters Museum and West Metro who came to explain all about these geological phenomenon. As it was explained, every geohazard is different from each other and the difference is based on a number of factors such as the geological composition of the land where it happened. The geological composition may vary in terms of the types of rocks found there or the tectonic activity. For instance, a big earthquake on a barren land would be less problematic than a small earthquake in the middle of a city. Such a small earthquake will cause damages to structures while the one in the desert will hardly cause any damage. Some of the results of geohazard activities at the site were the volcanic ash bends. Such bends were deposited during a volcanic eruption that happened in the present day Colorado. In order to determine the occurrence, crystals of mineral zircon found in the volcanic ash were used to date the rocks. The results showed that the ash was 105.6 million years old, revealing that it must have happened a long time ago. Scientists use radiometric and other dating techniques to measure the age of these geohazards. Therefore, using different rocks obtained from different sites of geohazard locations, scientists are able to date the time that these hazards took place. Other types of geohazards that have been recorded in history include Karst Hazards. These include the different types of sinkholes that occur on the earth’s surface. The sinkholes are of various size and depths. They cause direct risks to infrastructure like buildings if they happen in urban